Abstract: Based on most recently published studies, there is a large variability in both the mechanical properties of wood and sample sizes selected to evaluate them. This study aims to define sampling sufficiency for some mechanical properties of wood, which were bending strength, bending modulus, compressive strength, compressive modulus, hardness, and shear strength. The mechanical tests were carried out according to an American standard procedure on wood samples cut from clonal Eucalyptus planted in southern Brazil. Sampling sufficiency was determined by an intensive computational method based on resampling of original data using Monte Carlo simulations. The experimental tests data conformed to the normal distribution and most of the obtained sufficient sample sizes determined by Monte Carlo simulation were above those sample sizes used in most already published studies. Furthermore, properties related to wood stiffness presented smaller variabilities than their respective properties associated with wood strength, leading to smaller sample sizes for the former cases.

RESUMO O lodo de estação de tratamento de água (ETA), resíduo Classe II A, tem geração crescente, alto custo de tratamento e, quando descartado incorretamente no meio ambiente, acarreta danos ambientais. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar o emprego do lodo da ETA Santa Bárbara, da cidade de Pelotas/RS, beneficiado por calcinação a 600°C, como material suplementar ao cimento Portland. Amostras do lodo in natura e calcinado foram submetidas a ensaios de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectrometria de raios X por dispersão de energia, e foram determinadas a umidade do lodo in natura, a perda de massa e a massa específica do lodo calcinado. Realizaram-se ensaios de índice de atividade com cimento branco, cimento Portland de alta resistência inicial (CPV-ARI) e cal para identificar a atividade pozolânica do material. Posteriormente, foi executada a moldagem de dois traços de concreto, um de referência e outro com 10% em massa de substituição do aglomerante pelo lodo beneficiado, sendo analisadas as propriedades nos estados fresco e endurecido do concreto. Embora a incorporação do lodo tenha apresentado resultados favoráveis e aumento de resistência à compressão axial, o resíduo não pode ser classificado como pozolana por causa dos materiais e condições de ensaio empregadas na pesquisa. Contudo, com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho é possível averiguar que o uso do lodo beneficiado em matrizes de concreto é efetivo e constitui uma alternativa sustentável de destinação ao lodo de ETA.

ABSTRACT The sludge from the Water Treatment Plant (WTP), Class II A waste, has an increasing generation, high treatment cost and, when improperly disposed of in the environment, causes environmental damages. Thus, the objective of the study was to analyze the use of sludge from WTP Santa Bárbara, in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, benefited by calcination at 600°C, as a supplementary material to Portland cement. Samples of in natura and calcined sludge were subjected to SEM and EDS tests, the moisture of the in natura sludge was determined, and the loss of mass and specific mass of the calcined sludge. Activity index tests were performed with white cement, Portland cement CPV-ARI and lime, to identify the pozzolanic activity of the material. Subsequently, the molding of two concrete strips was carried out, one of which is a reference and the other with 10% by mass of substitution of the binder by the processed sludge, and the properties in the fresh and hardened state of the concrete were analyzed. Although the incorporation of the sludge has shown favorable results and increased resistance to axial compression, the residue cannot be classified as pozzolan to the detriment of materials and test conditions employed in the research. However, with the results obtained in this work it is possible to verify that the use of the processed sludge in concrete matrices is effective and constitutes a sustainable alternative for the disposal of WTP sludge.

Abstract It was impregnated commercial titanium dioxide into Pinus elliottii wood, aiming to increase its durability against the attack of brown rot fungus Postia placenta and photodegradation caused by ultraviolet radiation. The samples were put under 8 bar pressure for 3 hours at different concentrations of TiO2 (0.5%, 0.25%, 0.124% and 0%-control). To evaluate the effect of the fungus on the wood, the test was carried out according to ASTM D2017-05 and UNE-EN 113:1996 with modifications. The photodegradation was performed by exposing a tangential section to ultraviolet radiation for 400 hours, and the colorimetric parameters were periodically evaluated. Statistically, the treatments with TiO2 did not differ among themselves, but were much lower than the control, showing the effectiveness of this product in protecting the wood against the attacks of degraders. As for the photodegradation, the treated wood remained practically unchanged, differently from the control that had a darkening accelerated mainly in the first 50 hours. With this information, it can be stated that TiO2 treated wood is able to hinder the fungus access to the cell wall, to inhibit its growth and to create a barrier that protects the polymers from photodegradation, increasing its durability and emerging as a potential alternative for wood treatment.

Resumen Se impregnó dióxido de titanio comercial en la madera de Pinus elliottii, con el objetivo de aumentar su durabilidad contra el ataque del hongo pardo de la Postia placenta y la fotodegradación causada por la radiación ultravioleta. Las muestras se pusieron a una presión de 8 bar durante 3 horas a diferentes concentraciones de TiO2 (0.5%, 0.25%, 0.124% y 0% de control). Para evaluar el efecto del hongo en la madera, la prueba se realizó de acuerdo con la norma ASTM D2017-05 y UNE-EN 113:1996 con modificaciones. La fotodegradación se realizó exponiendo una sección tangencial a radiación ultravioleta durante 400 horas, y los parámetros colorimétricos se evaluaron periódicamente. Estadísticamente, los tratamientos con TiO2 no diferían entre sí, pero eran mucho más bajos que el control, mostrando la efectividad de este producto en la protección de la madera contra los ataques de los degradadores. En cuanto a la fotodegradación, la madera tratada se mantuvo prácticamente sin cambios, a diferencia del control que tuvo un oscurecimiento acelerado principalmente en las primeras 50 horas. Con esta información, se puede afirmar que la madera tratada con TiO2 puede dificultar el acceso del hongo a la pared celular, inhibir su crecimiento y crear una barrera que protege a los polímeros de la fotodegradación, aumentando su durabilidad y emergiendo como una alternativa potencial para tratamiento de la madera.

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate chemical characteristics, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of organic compounds extracted from three Eucalyptus wood and Corymbia maculate wood using ethanol as a solvent. To obtain the ethanolic extracts, 15 g of a powdered wood sample was mixed with 150 mL of ethyl alcohol 99 % PA by constant mechanical stirring, which was further magnetically mixed at 60 ºC for 24 h. The extractives were analyzed utilizing percent yield, Fourier-transform infrared spectrum, inhibitory index (measured after antimicrobial tests), antioxidant activity, and condensed tannins content. The Eucalyptus dunnii extract showed the highest percent yield. The infrared spectra of all the extractives presented similar profiles, with remarkable bands ascribed to the presence of lipophilic extracts, sterols, fatty acids, and other hydroxylated substances, such as carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. In all cases, the higher the concentration of the extractive was, the higher the antioxidant activity was. The antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus saligna extract stood out since overcame that of the positive control (ascorbic acid). Regarding the condensed tannins content, that extract from Eucalyptus grandis excelled.

Abstract: In the present study, three juvenile hardwoods (namely sycamore, pecan and london plane) were treated by boiling, steaming and microwave. Trees from Platanus x acerifolia (sycamore), Carya illinoinensis (pecan) and Luehea divaricata (london plane) were selected in homogeneous forests located in southern Brazil. Each hydrothermal treatment was performed for 60 min. In general, the hydrothermal treatments caused a certain surface inactivation effect, which was marked by decreased surface roughness, increased hydrophobic character and darkened colour patterns. Also, both decreased stiffness and strength, as well as increased deflectibility were obtained. These mechanisms were attributed to degradation in fine segments from amorphous polysaccharides, leaching of some organic extractives and fragmentation of lignin, as indirectly indicated by infrared spectra.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze chemical changes by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Eucalyptus dunnii and Pinus elliottii treated woods subjected to an accelerated decay test with the white rot fungus Ganoderma applanatum. The wood test specimens (2,5x2,5x0,9 cm) were impregnated with preservative solutions of chromated copper borate and synthetic pyrethroids and carbamates with 6% concentration by a vaccum-pressure process. After a decay test of 16 weeks, the chemical changes of the treated and untreated wood samples were evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. It was observed that the rot fungus attack caused a variation in the intensity and a displacement of spectrum peaks, indicating a change to the woods’ chemical composition after fungal exposure. The lignin / carbohydrate ratio indicated that the fungus had no preference for a specific cell wall component, pointing to a simultaneous deterioration of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the treated and untreated woods. Finally, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy technique, together with the lignin / carbohydrate ratio analysis, proved efficient in the study of the variation of the wood chemical modifications deteriorated by rot fungi.

RESUMO O presente estudo tem por objetivo produzir nanofibrilas de celulose vegetal com polpa Kraft marrom e branqueada por meio de um pré-tratamento enzimático e posteriormente um mecânico, denominado assim como processo combinado, com o intuito de diminuição de gasto energético. Para isso, as amostras de polpas de celulose foram previamente desestruturadas e encharcadas em água destilada com concentração de 3% de sólidos, afim de homogeneizá-las. Na hidrólise enzimática utilizou-se a enzima comercial Cellic CTec2, em porcentagens que variaram de 0,01 a 0,1% por diferentes períodos (1 e 2 horas). Após o tempo de hidrólise, a polpa foi passada em um moinho de discos, onde nesse processo ocorreu a medida do consumo do gasto energético com auxílio de um medidor de energia. Para a produção do gel, as polpas foram processadas pelo moinho de disco em ciclos de passagens. Para a inibição enzimática o conteúdo foi aquecido à 85°C. Os géis foram armazenados em resfriamento de 5°C. O processo foi caracterizado pelo gasto energético medido a cada amostra, além de ser medido o rendimento de cada gel produzido. De acordo com os resultados o processo combinado, apresentou-se viável para a produção de nanofibrilas de celulose vegetal, pois este diminui o gasto energético comparado com o processo mecânico e com a menor carga enzimática (0,01%). A polpa marrom mesmo sem ter passado por processos de deslignificação mostrou-se promissora na produção das nanofibrilas de celulose vegetal.

ABSTRACT The present study had as objective to produce vegetable cellulose nanofibrils with brown and bleached Kraft pulp by means of a pretreatment enzymatic and later a mechanical,known as combined process, with the purpose of decreased the energy waste. For this, cellulose pulp samples were previously destructured by water saturation and dismantled in a mechanical sheredder, after were stored under refrigeration at 5 ° C. For the enzymatic pretreatment, it was used the commercial enzyme Cellic CTec2, in percentages ranging from 0.01 to 0.1% in a controlled hydrolysis with neutral pH, at ambient temperature for one hour, being that the 0.01% amount samples underwent 1 and 2 hors enzymatic hydrolysis. After the time of hydrolysis, the pulp was passed in a disk mill, where in this process the consumption of the energy was measured with the aid of an energy meter. For the production of the gel, the pulps were processed by the disk mill passages cycles. For enzymatic inhibition the contents ewere heated to 85 ° C. The gels were stored at 5 ° C. The process was characterized by the measure energy expenditure for each sample and its controls, in addition to measuring the yield of each gel produced. According to the results the combined process was feasible for the production

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as propriedades tecnológicas das espécies florestais Corymbia maculata. Eucalyptus dunnii e Eucalyptus saligna, e verificar as modificações nas características destas madeiras após ensaio de preferência alimentar com térmitas Nasutitermes. O ensaio de preferência alimentar foi conduzido através da norma ASTM D 3345 (2008) adaptada, avaliando a perda de massa e as propriedades mecânicas no fim do período correspondente. Para obtenção dos resultados, fez-se análise da massa específica básica (µEB), com o auxílio da norma ASTM D 143 (2014), dureza Janka nos planos tangencial e radial e o módulo de elasticidade (EC) e resistência à compressão (FC), obtidos pelo ensaio de compressão paralela às fibras, antes e após o ataque de térmitas. Acerca das propriedades tecnológicas, verificou-se que a espécie Corymbia maculata apresentou a maior µEB (0,674g/cm3) e resistência mecânica, com os maiores valores de dureza Janka em ambos os planos anatômicos (tangencial = 664,6kgf/cm2; radial = 593,8kgf/cm2) e parâmetros relacionados à compressão paralela às fibras (EC = 294.873kgf/cm2; FC = 667,7 kgf/cm2). Após o ensaio com térmitas Nasutitermes, a maior perda de massa foi observada na espécie Eucalyptus dunnii, indicando assim a sua preferência alimentar. Estes ocasionaram decréscimos não significativos nas propriedades mecânicas, quando comparada às mensuradas antes do ensaio de preferência alimentar. A partir dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a deterioração das madeiras por Nasutitermes, em conjunto com as características anatômicas, ocasionaram variações nas propriedades tecnológicas analisadas, contudo, as espécies Eucalyptus saligna e Corymbia maculata mostraram resistência natural elevada em relação aos cupins.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine technological properties of Corymbia maculata. Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus saligna forest species, and to verify the changes in the characteristics of these Woods after food preference assay with Nasutitermes termites. The food preference assay was conducted through of the standard ASTM D 3345 (2008) adapted, evaluating the mass loss and mechanical properties at the end of the corresponding period. To obtain the results, the basic specific mass (μEB) was analyzed, with the aid of standard ASTM D 143 (2014), Janka hardness in the tangential and radial planes and the elasticity modulus (EC) and compression resistence (FC), both obtained by the compression parallel to grain test, before and after the termites attack. About the technological properties, it was verified that the Corymbia maculata species had the highest μEB (0.674 g/cm3) and mechanical resistance, with the highestvalues of Janka hardness in both anatomical planes (tangential = 664.6 kgf/cm2, radial = 593.8 kgf/cm2) and parameters related to compression parallel to grain (EC = 294.873 kgf/cm2, FC = 667.7 kgf/cm2). After the Nasutitermes termites test, the greatest mass loss was observed in the Eucalyptus dunnii species, thus indicating its food preference. These caused insignificant decreases in the mechanical properties, when compared to those measured before the food preference assay. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the wood deterioration by Nasutitermes, together with the anatomical characteristics, caused variations in the technological properties analyzed, however, the species Eucalyptus saligna and Corymbia maculata showed high natural resistance in relation to the termites.

RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do fungo Pycnoporus sanguineus como prétratamento para biopolpação de três espécies de eucalipto. As madeiras ficaram expostas ao fungo por 30, 60 e 90 dias, em condições favoráveis. Para verificar a eficiência da deslignificação causada pelo fungo foram quantificados: perda de massa, teor de extrativos, lignina insolúvel e modificação morfológica da fibra. Os resultados demonstraram que a madeira de Eucalyptus globulus no período de 90 dias, foi a mais promissora para o pré-tratamento fúngico, onde nesse período foi o que ocorreu maior deslignificação. De modo geral, foi possível concluir que o fungo Pycnoporus sanguineus promoveu a degradação de lignina o que o torna um processo em potencial para a indústria de celulose e papel a qual necessita a retirada desses polímeros sempre visando uma produção mais econômica e ambientalmente viável.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate lignin removal efficiency of three eucalypt species through Pycnoporus sanguineus fungus inoculation. The wood samples were inoculated at different periods: 30, 60 and 90 days. To verify the efficiency of the delignification caused by the fungus were quantified: mass loss, extractives, acid insoluble lignin and morphological modification of inoculated and not inoculated fiber. The results showed that Eucalyptus globulus wood in the 90day period was the most promising for fungal pretreatment, where delignification occurred the most. In general, it was possible to concude that the fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus is efficient in the degradation of lignin, which makes it a potential process for the pulp and paper industry, which desires the removal of these polymers always aiming at the most economical production and environmental feasible.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study is to investigate the resistance of Eucalyptus botryoides treated with TiO2 particles to attack by the fungus Ganoderma applanatum. The Bethel treatment method was applied to wood specimens (25 × 25 × 9 mm) and compared to CCB. The wood was subjected to the accelerated decay test and characterized through Rockwell Hardness and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The TiO2-treated wood showed lower degradation and greater resistance to the penetration of a steel sphere (Rockwell Hardness) than the untreated wood. In addition, the results of the TiO2 treatment were statistically equal to those of CCB. The FT-IR analysis showed that the fungus degraded lignin and hemicellulose in untreated samples. The present results showed the TiO2 efficiency in forming a protective layer on the cell wall and in preventing the development of microorganisms, a fact that verifies its fungicidal action on wood.

Resumo Fundamento: O escore HAS-BLED foi desenvolvido para avaliar o risco em um ano de sangramento maior em pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA) anticoagulados com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK). Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade do escore HAS-BLED e de seus componentes em predizer sangramento maior em pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório de anticoagulação de um hospital terciário. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo coorte retrospectivo com pacientes com FA tratados com AVK. Análise de regressão logística foi realizada para avaliar a capacidade de cada componente do escore em predizer sangramento maior. O nível de significância adotado em todos os testes foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram estudados 263 pacientes com média de idade de 71,1 ± 10,5 anos ao longo de um período de tratamento de 237,6 pacientes-ano. A mediana do escore HAS-BLED foi de 2 (1-3). A incidência de sangramento maior foi de 5,7%, sendo mais elevada nos pacientes de alto risco que nos pacientes de baixo risco (9,6 vs. 3,1%; p = 0,052). A área sob a curva ROC foi de 0,70 (p = 0,01). Um ponto de corte ≥ 3 mostrou sensibilidade de 66,7%, especificidade de 62,1%, valor preditivo positivo de 9,6% e valor preditivo negativo de 96,9%. Sobrevida livre de sangramento maior foi menor no grupo de alto risco (p = 0,017). Na análise multivariada, o único preditor independente de sangramento maior entre os componentes do escore foi o uso concomitante de antiplaquetários (OR 5,13, IC95%: 1,55-17,0; p = 0,007). Conclusão: O escore HAS-BLED foi capaz de prever sangramento maior na população de pacientes com FA estudada. Entre os componentes do escore, atenção especial deve ser dada para o uso concomitante de antiplaquetários, que mostrou associação independente. Em pacientes com FA em uso de AVK como terapia anticoagulante, o uso de antiplaquetários deve ser realizado somente naqueles pacientes com avaliação risco-benefício favorável.

Abstract Background: HAS-BLED score was developed to assess 1-year major bleeding risk in patients anticoagulated with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) due to atrial fibrillation (AF). Objective: Of this study was to assess the ability of HAS-BLED score and its components to predict major bleeding in patients treated in an anticoagulation outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital. Methods: A retrospective cohort study on AF patients treated with VKA was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the ability of individual score components to predict major bleeding. The significance level adopted in all tests was 5%. Results: We studied 263 patients with a mean age of 71.1 ± 10.5 years over a period of 237.6 patients-year. Median HAS-BLED score was 2 (1-3). The overall incidence of major bleeding was 5.7%, and it was higher among high-risk HAS-BLED score patients than in low risk patients (9.6 vs. 3.1%; p = 0.052). Area under the ROC curve was 0.70 (p = 0.01). Cut-off point ≥ 3 showed sensibility of 66.7%, specificity of 62.1%, positive predictive value of 9.6% and negative predictive value of 96.9%. Major bleeding-free survival was lower in high-risk group (p = 0.017). In multivariate analysis, concurrent antiplatelet use was the only independent predictor of major bleeding among score components (OR 5.13, 95%CI: 1.55-17.0; p = 0.007). Conclusion: HAS-BLED score was able to predict major bleeding in this cohort of AF patients. Among score components, special attention should be given for concomitant antiplatelet use, which was independently associated to this outcome. Antiplatelets in AF patients under VKA anticoagulation should be used in selected patients with favorable risk-benefit assessment.

RESUMO Usinas vêm utilizando biomassas de base florestal para a produção de energia térmica e elétrica. Nada obstante, essas industriais carecem de parâmetros confiáveis sobre sua matéria prima, afim de consolidar sua posição nesse mercado. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar resíduos florestais provenientes de plantações de pinus (Pinus elliottii) sobressalentes de serrarias. A madeira, a casca e uma mistura de ambas foram caracterizadas por análises químicas imediata (Teores de umidade total, umidade de higroscopia, cinzas, matérias voláteis e carbono fixo), elementar (Teores de S, C, H, Ni e [O + Halogênios]), via úmida (Teores de holocelulose, lignina e extrativos). Adicionalmente, densidade e propriedades energéticas (poderes caloríficos superior e inferior) também foram determinados. A casca apresentou maior teor de extrativos comparada a madeira, o que afetou o teor de cinzas. Em relação as propriedades energéticas, a casca apresentou as maiores propriedades, embora também um caráter depreciativo do ponto de ambiental. A mistura madeira-casca apresentou propriedades intermediárias entre esses dois resíduos, embora mais aproximadas às da madeira.

ABSTRACT Power plants have been using forestry biomasses to produce thermal and electrical energies. However, these industries lack of reliable parameters about their raw material in order to consolidate their position in this market. The present study aimed to characterize forestry wastes from pine (Pinus elliottii) plantations leftover of wood logs processing units. Wood, bark and a mixture of both of them were characterized by prompt (total moisture, hygroscopic moisture, ashes, volatile matter and fixed carbon contents), elementary (S, C, H, N and [O + Halogens] contents), and via wet (holocellulose, lignin and extractives contents) chemical analyses. Indeed, basic density and fuel properties (gross and net calorific values) were also determined. Compared to the wood, the bark presented higher extractives content, which affected the ashes content. Regarding the energetic properties, the bark showed the highest properties, but a detrimental character from an environmental standpoint. The wood-bark mixture presented intermediate properties between these two forestry wastes, but with more approximation to the wood.

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou estimar as tensões de crescimento da madeira de clones de Eucalyptus spp., por meio de algumas de suas propriedades dendrométricas, utilizando-se de variáveis Dummy. Foram selecionados 12 clones híbridos do gênero Eucalyptus, dos quais foram avaliadas as propriedades dendrométricas: diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), espessura de casca (EC), altura (H), volume total (VOL); bem como a densidade básica (DB). As tensões de crescimento foram avaliadas de maneira indireta, por meio da deformação residual longitudinal (DRL), medida conforme o método CIRAD-Forêt. Foram definidas 12 variáveis Dummy com base nas características de cada clone. Após, a fim de estimar matematicamente a DRL, foram propostos quatro modelos utilizando-se como variáveis independentes: DAP, H, VOL, DB e as variáveis Dummy. Dentre as propriedades dendrométricas, a DB foi a única descartada por não aportar subsídios interessantes para a predição da DRL. Na comparação entre as variáveis Dummy, o clone 9 deu origem à variável mais discrepante em relação às demais. Contudo, os resultados obtidos indicaram que, embora tenha havido uma variabilidade significativa nos níveis de DRL na comparação entre os diferentes clones, os modelos matemáticos obtidos descreveram satisfatoriamente as tensões de crescimento dos mesmos.

ABSTRACT The evaluation of growth stresses in Eucalyptus trees and their influence on both morphological properties of trees and technological properties of wood have been aimed by several studies, which used indirect and nondestructive methods for these evaluations. The present study aimed to estimate growth stresses for woods from Eucalyptus ssp. clones trough some of their dendrometric properties, using Dummy variables. 12 hybrid Eucalyptus clones were evaluated by basic density (BD) and dendrometric properties: diameter at breast height (DBH), bark thickness (BT), height (H) and total volume (VOL). The growth stresses were indirectly evaluated by the longitudinal residual strain (LRS) following the CIRAD-Forêt method. 12 Dummy variables were defined based on the characteristics of each clone. After that, four models were proposed in order to estimate the LRD, using Dummy variables, DBH, H, VOL and BD as independent variables. Among the dendrometric properties, BD was discarded because it does not confer interesting aids to the LRD predict. Among the Dummy variables, clone 9 provided the most discrepant variable. The LRD of the clones were satisfactorily described by the mathematical models, although these values showed significant variability.

Resumo A doença relacionada à IgG4 tem um espectro clínico amplo em que múltiplos órgãos podem ser afetados, e o diagnóstico depende de achados histopatológicos típicos e elevada expressão de IgG4 em plasmócitos no tecido afetado. Descrevemos o quadro clínico e a evolução de um paciente com nefrite túbulo-intersticial aguda, insuficiência renal grave e manifestações sistêmicas como linfoadenomegalias e pancreatite crônica. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pelas características clínicas e pela histopatologia renal e de linfonodo, na qual a imunohistoquímica mostrou tecido linfoide com policlonalidade e expressão aumentada de IgG4, com uma relação IgG4/IgG total > 80%. O paciente foi tratado com prednisona na dose de 60 mg/dia, seguido de micofenolato mofetil, e apresentou melhora clínica e da função renal depois de 6 meses de tratamento. O alto índice de suspeição da doença relacionada ao IgG4 com comprometimento multissistêmico e o tratamento precoce desta condição são primordiais para a melhora do prognóstico destes pacientes.

Abstract The IgG4-related disease has a wide clinical spectrum where multiple organs can be affected, and the diagnosis depends on typical histopathological findings and an elevated IgG4 expression in plasma cells in the affected tissue. We describe the clinical presentation and evolution of a patient with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, severe kidney failure and systemic manifestations such as lymphadenomegaly and chronic pancreatitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by the clinical picture and kidney and lymph node histopathology, in which immunohistochemistry of the lymphoid tissue showed policlonality and increased expression of IgG4, with a IgG4/total IgG ratio > 80%. The patient was treated with prednisone at a dose of 60 mg/day, followed by mycophenolate mofetil, and showed clinical and renal function improvement at 6 months of follow-up. The high index of suspicion of IgG4-related disease with multisystem involvement and the early treatment of this condition are essential to improve the prognosis of affected patients.

RESUMO: Em povoamentos florestais de eucalipto, é importante determinar o número de plantas a serem avaliadas para que as inferências sobre o crescimento das plantas sejam confiáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra (número de plantas) necessário para a estimação da média do diâmetro do tronco e da altura de planta de híbridos interespecíficos de eucalipto. Em 6.694 plantas de doze híbridos interespecíficos de eucalipto, foram mensurados os diâmetros do tronco à altura do peito aos três (DAP3) e aos sete anos (DAP7) e a altura de planta aos sete anos de idade (H7). Após, foram calculadas as estatísticas: mínimo, máximo, média, variância, desvio-padrão, erro-padrão e coeficiente de variação. A seguir, testaram-se as hipóteses de homogeneidade entre as variâncias. Depois, foi determinado o tamanho de amostra por meio de reamostragem, com reposição de 10.000 reamostras. Há aumento do tamanho de amostra para a estimação da média do DAP3, da H7 e do DAP7, nessa ordem. Para a estimação da média do DAP3, do DAP7 e da H7 dos híbridos interespecíficos de eucalipto, com amplitude do intervalo de confiança de 95% igual a 20% da estimativa da média, 16, 59 e 31 plantas, respectivamente, são suficientes.

ABSTRACT: In eucalyptus crops, it is important to determine the number of plants that need to be evaluated for a reliable inference of growth. The aim of this study was to determine the sample size needed to estimate average trunk diameter at breast height and plant height of inter-specific eucalyptus hybrids. In 6,694 plants of twelve inter-specific hybrids it was evaluated trunk diameter at breast height at three (DBH3) and seven years (DBH7) and tree height at seven years (H7) of age. The statistics: minimum, maximum, mean, variance, standard deviation, standard error, and coefficient of variation were calculated. The hypothesis of variance homogeneity was tested. The sample size was determined by re sampling with replacement of 10,000 re samples. There was an increase in the sample size from DBH3 to H7 and DBH7. A sample size of 16, 59 and 31 plants is adequate to estimate DBH3, DBH7 and H7 means, respectively, of inter-specific hybrids of eucalyptus, with amplitude of confidence interval of 95% equal to 20% of the estimated mean.